A recent analysis from Yale University quantifies the enormous impact of the Chinese Communist Party’s crackdown on Uyghurs and other Turkic minorities in Xinjiang. The report reveals that, as Beijing shifted from mass arbitrary detentions to a system of imprisonment under a facade of legal legitimacy, Chinese courts have imposed a total of 4.4 million years in prison on Xinjiang residents.

According to the Yale Macmillan Center for Genocide Studies, this legalized form of repression is deeply concerning. It is no less pervasive or humane than the previous system of arbitrary detention and is arguably even more damaging due to its veneer of legal validity, which makes it harder to scrutinize and masks human rights abuses.

The international community first became aware of the anti-Uyghur campaign in the late 2010s, leading to the U.S. State Department’s genocide designation in 2021. Since then, international attention has waned as Beijing has attempted to reshape perceptions of its governance in Xinjiang. The region has seen the demolition of mosques, conversion of religious sites for Han Chinese access, and efforts to transform its cities into tourist attractions. Beijing’s push to legitimize mass detentions is part of this broader rebranding effort.

To estimate the 4.4 million years of prison sentences, researchers led by human-rights lawyer Rayhan Asat—who advocates for her brother Ekpar’s release from detention—analyzed data from the Xinjiang Victims Database, which includes information on over 62,000 victims from various sources, including leaked Chinese law-enforcement documents. By examining 13,000 cases with recorded prison sentences and averaging these at 8.8 years, and multiplying by the 540,000 individuals prosecuted between 2017 and 2021, the researchers arrived at this figure. They note that this dataset likely underrepresents the full extent of the prison program, as criminal records for nearly 90 percent of Xinjiang cases remain unpublished.

While the mass detention program itself is widely known, the new 4.4 million figure sheds light on the extent of the legalistic façade that masks the ongoing abuses. The report warns that if Uyghur communities continue to be denied the ability to sustain their cultural and social structures, the eventual result will be irreversible ethnic destruction.